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Rogue states, danger zones and wars of the world explained

Journey with us, from far-flung regions to trouble spots closer to home, to understand the tensions and the personalities shaping our world – as well as the consequences for the people of the world.

41 stories

Famously resilient, Cubans are now being tested more than ever. Why?

Without oil from Venezuela, Cuba is in crisis. Here’s how its people manage – and why US-Cuban relations soured in the first place.

  • Angus Holland
Kim Jong-un: South Korea is now a “primary foe”.

How the Kim dynasty keeps its grip on North Korea – and what life is like in the hermit kingdom

It’s 80 years since the Korean peninsula was divided and yet tensions remain high. Where did the ruling regime come from – and how have some managed to escape?

  • Angus Holland and Jackson Graham

An ousted leader, a Nobel laureate at the helm: How Bangladesh plans to rebuild itself

No stranger to turmoil, Bangladesh is set to usher in a new democratic future. How did it get here – and how is it meeting the challenge?

  • Angus Holland
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British Airways made a demonstration Concorde flight to Caracas in 1975, pictured here. Air France made the city a weekly destination for its supersonic flights.
  • Explainer

Once the epitome of glamour, Venezuela is in crisis. How did it get to this?

After months of military build-up, the US attacked Venezuela and took president Nicolás Maduro and his wife into custody. What does Trump want with the country?

  • Angus Holland, Jackson Graham and Felicity Lewis
Singapore’s PM, Lee Kuan Yew, and first lady, Kwa Geok Choo, at Sydney airport in 1965.
  • Explainer

The ‘miracle’ nation at 60: How Singapore thrived against the odds

It’s six decades since Singapore’s leader set out his program to “make this place tick”. What’s behind the city-state’s success? Is it true that everyone gets a flat? And is there a catch?

  • Angus Holland and Jackson Graham
  • Explainer

Miniskirts and mujahideen: How Afghanistan came to be defined by war

It was once a stop on the hippie trail. So how did Afghanistan come to be defined by war and terrorism? And who are the Taliban?

  • Maher Mughrabi
  • Explainer

Tropic thunder: Why Trump wants the Panama Canal back

The critical waterway has a complex history. Why does Trump want it back? And what does China have to do with it?

  • Angus Holland and Jackson Graham
  • Explainer

‘This is not a joke’: Could the US actually take control of Greenland?

Donald Trump has upped the ante in his efforts to ‘get’ the Danish territory. Could he do it?

  • Angus Holland
  • Explainer

Why the five former Soviet ‘Stans’ are gaining traction – and not just with tourists

The “Central Asian” nations are leveraging their unique heritages, resources and geographic edge to find new world allies in a time of flux.

  • Angus Holland
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  • Explainer

Going, going, gone: What it means to be a ‘failed’ or ‘fragile’ state

The term has re-emerged as war rages in the Middle East. But what qualifies as a failed state – and why are they such a worry?

  • Angus Holland
  • Explainer

With the last US-Russia nuclear treaty expired, we’re in a new world. What now?

Since the dawn of the nuclear age, there have been efforts to limit nuclear arms. What does this treaty’s lapse mean for the world?

  • Angus Holland
  • Explainer

Houthis, Hezbollah and Hamas: Who they are and what they want

As Israeli troops raid Lebanon, conflict is spreading again in the Middle East. Who are the key players, and what is the Axis of Resistance?

  • Jackson Graham, Angus Holland and Cindy Yin
  • Explainer

Its seven emirates united 50 years ago. Now the UAE faces its biggest challenge yet

The UAE has had to defend against a barrage of attacks from Iran, and not only on Dubai. Why? And what are the United Arab Emirates anyway?

  • Angus Holland and Felicity Lewis
  • Explainer

‘The Great Satan’: How the era of the ayatollahs began

Iran has a new Supreme Leader, only its third in nearly half a century. Here’s how the clerics came to power – and held on to it.

  • Angus Holland
  • Explainer

Despot, radical … peacemaker? Meet Saudi Arabia’s millennial prince

Reformer, tyrant or both? Saudi Arabia’s crown prince is reshaping his kingdom. What does it mean for the world?

  • Sherryn Groch
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  • Explainer

‘I am Giorgia’: the far-right leader and the confounding world of Italian politics

Italy’s first female PM is also the first to govern from the far right in decades. Who is Giorgia Meloni? And why has Italy had 68 governments since World War II?

  • Angus Holland
  • Explainer

‘The escalation risks are real’: Why India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir

Why is this part of the world so fraught? Could India and Pakistan’s friction escalate into a nuclear exchange?

  • Angus Holland and Kayla Olaya
The shipping industry is looking at ways to become carbon neutral.
  • Explainer

Pirates, hotspots and choke points: inside the perilous world of shipping

Most of the world’s traded goods come to us on huge vessels by sea. We don’t give it much thought – until they run into trouble.

  • Matt Wade
  • Explainer

The internet is run under the sea, not in a cloud. What if the marine cables are cut?

Hundreds of undersea cables link up the worldwide web, with about a dozen connected to Australia. How does this little-known network work – and what happens if it’s sabotaged?

  • Sherryn Groch and Felicity Lewis
  • Explainer

Why are microchips made in Taiwan at the centre of a global tussle?

Microchips are key to powering the world. What will it take to win in this vital (and secretive) multi-billion-dollar world?

  • Eryk Bagshaw, Jackson Graham and Daniel Ceng
  • Explainer

The planet’s population will get to 10.3 billion – then drop. Why?

India overtook China as the world’s most populous nation in 2023 but far bigger population shifts are transforming the world. Where will all the people be in 2100?

  • Matt Wade and Angus Holland
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Antarctica
  • Explainer

It’s the coldest, windiest place on Earth. But who actually runs Antarctica?

In 1959, a dozen nations signed up to look after Antarctica for the good of all mankind. Today, the polar club is still growing. What do nations want in Antarctica? What rules must they play by?

  • Felicity Lewis
  • Explainer

The secret agents had a message: Take down the app or go to jail. How is the internet splintering?

Cracking down on the net was like nailing jelly to a wall, Bill Clinton said in 2000. But governments have found myriad ways to filter, block or slow it. And now some nations want nets of their own. Why?

  • Sherryn Groch and Nick Bonyhady
  • Explainer

Can Israel’s Iron Dome withstand Hezbollah’s rockets?

What is the Iron Dome? Could Hezbollah overwhelm it? And what is David’s Sling?

  • Jackson Graham and Angus Holland
Jordan Bardella
  • Explainer

‘Le TikTok king’: Meet the 29-year-old fronting France’s far right

Snap elections in France in 2024 put a spotlight on the leader of its major far-right party. Who is he? And why is French politics in turmoil?

  • Angus Holland and Jackson Graham
Taiwan explainer
  • Explainer

Why is there so much tension over Taiwan?

Taiwan has lived under a cloud for more than half a century. Now that China has set its sights firmly on it, tensions are high and rising.

  • Eryk Bagshaw
Space stations
  • Explainer

The International Space Station has been a model for co-operation. So why is it closing?

The age of international space stations is ending. China has its own base off-Earth; India wants one too. What are nations up to in space?

  • Sherryn Groch
  • Explainer

Famed for polar bears and midnight sun, Svalbard is a potential hotspot. Why?

The cluster of islands in the icy high north is a visa-free zone – but that doesn’t make it trouble free. What’s so special about Svalbard?

  • Felicity Lewis
  • Explainer

‘A battery in a rock’: The ancient treasures kilometres under the sea

As scientists find wonders on the deepest seabeds, miners and governments are looking at other riches. What’s at stake way beneath the waves?

  • Sherryn Groch
  • Explainer

The Gaza Strip explained: A brief history

Once a trading hub, Gaza has been controlled by various powers in the past century. Who lives there now? And what is the history of the Gaza Strip?

  • Jackson Graham, Angus Holland and Matt Wade
CCP explainer
  • Explainer

‘Follow the Party forever’: How to get into the Communist Party of China

The CCP is integral to life in China but getting in isn’t easy, and staying a member is a life’s work. What are the benefits? And who’s really in charge?

  • Eryk Bagshaw
explainer
  • Explainer

Who is Xi Jinping, the world’s most powerful politician?

Once a princeling, Xi spent his teenage years living in a cave. Now he is the longest-serving leader of China since the ’70s. How did he do it? And what are his plans for China?

  • Eryk Bagshaw
Havana sydrome
  • Explainer

Is Havana syndrome a new method of covert sabotage – or all in our heads?

A mystery illness has been hitting diplomats and spies around the world. But is it an attack or something else?

  • Sherryn Groch
A scene from the Bollywood movie Three Idiots at Lake Pangong. 
  • Explainer

How a Bollywood backdrop became the highest battleground on Earth

High in the Himalayas, soldiers have fought hand-to-hand at a border hotly contested by two nuclear-armed giants. Why are they fighting and what is the fallout?

  • Matt Wade
cyberwafr explainer
  • Explainer

Hackers can stop the trains and the lights. But could they start a war?

Total meltdown or death by a thousand hacks – how bad could a cyberwar get? And where is the line between espionage and all-out attack?

  • Sherryn Groch
The four-year-old boy discovered as the next Dalai Lama, at Kumbum Monastery in 1939.
  • Explainer

‘It’s mine, it’s mine’: How do you find a Dalai Lama?

Smoke, oracles, a drum and a walking stick helped monks discover the Dalai Lama. But superpowers will one day wrangle over his successor.

  • Matt Wade

Other series

The Sydney Central Business District, Sydney Harbour and Eastern Suburbs and surrounds are seen on 18 February 2025, in Sydney, Australia from a commercial airliner. Picture - Sam Mooy / The Sydney Morning Herald

Life in the burbs

We’re celebrating Sydney’s suburbs and local writers have been penning pieces about the neighbourhoods they know best. Read all their stories here.

  • 8 stories
Australia's declining fertility rate.

Australia’s baby bust

The fertility rate in Australia is at a record low. We explore why we’re having fewer babies – and what that means for the country’s future.

  • 15 stories